What has been happening over Winter?

Things have been a little quiet over the last few months. We’ve had our usual regular monitoring tasks, tracking cover crop development with the Canopeo app and soil nitrate levels with the Nitrate Quick Test protocol, Nitrachek device and our conversions to kg/ha. Now we are focusing on getting ready for our summer crop – food quality maize with Nicolle Maize.

We fully discuss the winter cover crop in an earlier post, but in essence, triticale and vetch took off more strongly than annual ryegrass but were overtaken in mid-July after aerating through fill cover and as the triticale was affected by rust. Generally, we are happy with the covers but think growth may be a little less than previous winters. The vetch this year was a standout success after a few years of disappointment.

The free nitrate in the soil has been very low all winter. The chart below tracks the nitrate in the top 30 cm of soil since cover crop establishment. Note this is twice the standard sampling depth.

After being the lowest treatment from mid-April to mid-June, the Regenerative triticale and vetch plots showed a jump and have remained higher (although still very low) than the Conventional and Hybrid ryegrass plots. Is there a link with the canopy cover levels? If the vetch starting to release free nitrate from the nodules?

No fertiliser was added at planting, so the increase in April is assumed to be the result of mineralisation after the butternut crop was harvested and the plots disced and planted. As the cover crops established, they appear to have taken up nitrate although significant rain from 18-21 April may have had some influence.

Soil moisture measured by Hydrosense or oven drying shows no differences between any of the treatments.

Outreach

We had a few opportunities to talk about the Carbon Positive trial over winter. Notable events were taking part in Lincoln University’s State of the Land Event “Regenerative Agriculture in NZ Landscapes: From Practice to Evidence” at which Dan presented the mid-project soil carbon results and use of AI to develop a model to explain changes in and within the various carbon pools. Notably, the emerging science around photosynthates as a key driver of soil carbon suggests the significant fallow and low ground cover typical of an intensive vegetable growing programme is a major block to nett carbon sequestration.

What can we do about that? We think strip-spraying and strip-tillage is one approach. Not only does it retain actively growing (photosynthesising) plants as long as possible, strip-till also minimises tillage – a major cause of carbon burn-off. Several LandWISE Conference presentations addressed this, and the videos have been uploaded to the website.

Another technique would be getting a cover crop growing within the main crop, so that after harvest, it is already growing an “catching some rays”. This however might be a little trickier. Numerous attempts have been made by numerous groups in numerous places and results have been varied. But our Operations Advisory Group is keen that we have a goo. So, we are looking at establishing some legumes in the maize this summer, but leaving sowing until as late as possible to minimise the risk and scale of competition with the money earning maize.

Dan was also asked to present to the annual ICD Group conference. He introduced LandWISE and our history from our roots in wind erosion minimisation, through strip-till, autosteer, precision ag and various nitrate minimisation projects. It was a good opportunity to reflect on 25 or so years on LandWISE activity. While immensely varied, the focus throughout has been on sustainable production through technology and system choice. We have a large legacy of work in soil health, optimal nutrient management and making the best possible use of scare water resources. If you haven’t already, have a look at the various tools and calculators and the online learning courses on our website.

Dr. Charlie White is a faculty member at Penn State University, specializing in soil nutrient behavior and management.

He has taught various courses, including Soil Nutrient Behavior and Management, Internship, Independent Studies, Thesis Research, and Supervised Experience in College Teaching.

His research focuses on sustainable agricultural systems, biogeochemical cycles, and nutrient management to promote productive and efficient nutrient use in cropping systems.

In this presentation, Charlie will share some of the key insights into managing cover crops for nutrient management and soil health that he has learned through twenty years of research, much of it conducted in partnership with farmers in the temperate, humid climate of the Mid-Atlantic USA.

These lessons include the importance of measuring and managing cover crop and soil organic matter carbon, nitrogen, and C:N ratios to balance nitrogen retention and supply; that a little bit of grass in a cover crop mixture goes a long way to reducing N leaching; and that a cover crop mixture with balanced species proportions will be the most multifunctional, but achieving evenness in the biomass is easier said than done.

Finally, Charlie will return to his roots in reflecting on the importance of mycorrhizal fungi to the phosphorus nutrition of crops, and why P stratification in no-till system may not be as much of a problem as we think because of these symbiotic organisms.

Session Synopsis

Growing multiple vegetable crops across a farming operation the size of Harvest Moon requires constant decision-making, careful timing and a deep understanding of what crops need at every stage of growth. In this session, Josh will walk through how Harvest Moon manages nutrient applications across more than a dozen crops using a combination of field experience, soil and sap testing, and modern data tools.

He will explain how the team schedules and calculates nutrient inputs throughout the season, how they identify inefficiencies in the system, and how these insights feed into broader Integrated Pest Management strategies. By continually measuring and refining what happens in the field, Harvest Moon is able to reduce risk, improve crop health and optimise yield.

The session offers practical, real-world insights for growers looking to sharpen their nutrient strategies, improve efficiency and get more value from the data already available in their farming systems.

In the last five years, he has conducted regenerative trials on kiwifruit orchards to scientifically demonstrate that adopting regenerative practices can improve soil health and increase biodiversity, while remaining profitable.

Pranoy will present some key findings of the regenerative trials over the years and identify the main barriers to the adoption of these practices by the kiwifruit growers.

The session offers practical, real-world insights for growers wanting to apply sustainable and regenerative practices on orchards and farms.

Past Chair of LandWISE, John Evans will discuss his farming career at “Soil Health for Profit” in May. Over more than four decades active farming, he’s seen a number of farming systems arrive and be replaced.

John was exposed to soil improvement at a young age as his parent’s developed half of the property from Gorse Broom Blackberry and Willows into a highly productive irrigated mixed system. After returning from Lincoln College and helping with the irrigation development the farm was sold, and another larger rundown property was purchased in Dorie.

Over the next 36 years John continued his soils interest and converted the property to intensive cropping with irrigation. Pivoting the operation and taking up the opportunities that came along, he finished with a highly productive arable livestock farm with a high quality, productive specialist seed operation.

He was and is always active in his own research and hosting and supporting Foundation for Arable Research (FAR) projects. Looking back, has asks, “Have I always been a regenerative farmer?”

Sponsored by

Dr Sally Anderson is the Scientific Services Manager for Market Access Solutionz Ltd and is based in Wellington. Sally has over 15 years’ experience designing, managing, and implementing science research programmes for New Zealand’s horticultural sector. This includes co-ordinating the Vegetable Research & Innovation Board, managing Summerfruit, Citrus and Onions R&D programmes.

Sally has a science background and holds a and PhD from the University of Auckland, with over 10 years of research experience in environmental ecology, molecular biology, and microbial ecology, with prior roles at NIWA (now Earth Sciences NZ) and the Wellington School of Medicine.

Leading the science services portfolio at MAS, Sally works to support clients with technical advice in plant health research, biosecurity, crop protection, export market access.

As the Vegetable Research & Innovation Board co-ordinator, Sally worked alongside industry stakeholders to secure funding from MPI NIWE fund to support the vegetable, fruit and arable sectors to carry out monitoring post-Cyclone Gabrielle to better understand how highly productive land recovers from these extreme weather events. These learnings and those from other agencies were showcased at the Cyclone Gabrielle Research Symposium, held on the 19-20^th November 2025. Sally will summarise the symposium and its findings.

In this presentation, Uttam presents research tracking the impacts of Cyclone Gabrielle over time, industries, ecosystems and communities. When the flood waters drain away, things are far from over.

2. Do all nitrogen amendments have the same footprint?

In this presentation, Uttam will discuss the environmental footprints of alternative nitrogen amendments, providing information for those focused on reducing their carbon emissions to meet market expectations.

Uttam Floray works at the intersection of climate science, primary industry, and real-world delivery. With a background in the wine sector across New Zealand, Australia, and the United States, he has led production, compliance, and commercial operations while embedding environmental performance into the core of the business. At Toitū Envirocare, he leads work supporting organisations across the primary industry, manufacturing, and transport sectors to measure, manage, and reduce emissions. Uttam’s focus is on guiding clients through the right climate impact programmes — ensuring they add real value, align with credible standards, and translate into practical, implementable action. He works closely with organisations navigating complex requirements, helping them move beyond compliance toward meaningful, science-aligned outcomes.

Uttam has a range of qualifications including a BSc in Biotechnology and a Bachelor of Viticulture and Wine Science from EIT. Uttam is now involved in a lead role with Electrify Hawke’s Bay, a regional group promoting adoption of low carbon alternative energy sources including solar.

Richard has more than 25 years’ experience across orchard management, industry extension, consulting, and governance in New Zealand’s horticulture sector.

He completed an eight-year tenure as Regional Manager for Ngāi Tukairangi Trust in Hawke’s Bay, leading high value kiwifruit and pipfruit orchards through significant productivity and profitability gains, improved business resilience, and guided the transition to regenerative practices while maintaining strong commercial performance. Earlier roles with Zespri and AgFirst focused on orchard productivity, grower extension, and applied research, translating science and data into practical decision making at scale.

Richard is a Trustee of the Hawke’s Bay Future Farming Trust and operates Boost Horticulture, where regenerative practices are applied and tested in a commercial kiwifruit system, strengthening his focus on soils, and long-term orchard resilience.

Session synopsis:

Soil health is widely recognised as important, yet it is rarely treated as a primary measure of sustainability. Drawing on his Kellogg Rural Leadership Programme research, Richard explores why soil health continues to sit on the periphery of decision‑making, despite being central to long‑term orchard and farm performance.

Based on interviews with growers, researchers, industry bodies, and policy stakeholders, this session examines the key barriers limiting progress – including knowledge gaps, mindset, short‑term business pressures, and weak links between science, extension, and on‑orchard/farm practice.

Richard will discuss how soil health is currently measured (and mis‑measured), why growers often struggle to quantify benefits, and where low‑risk opportunities exist to improve soil function without compromising productivity.

The session focuses on practical insights from applied research and commercial experience, highlighting why healthy soils underpin resilience, profitability, and future‑proofing modern growing systems.