Getting to Carbon Positive

Wednesday 21 – Thursday 22 May
Havelock North Function Centre

In 2025 we’re delighted to bring you a conference with focuses on regenerative crop production, carbon footprinting, and electrification. We’ll have new technologies to think about and see, we have speakers with proven track records, and we’re looking forward to catching up with old friends and new.

Do we know the footprint of our activities? How do international markets assess them and what will we need to report? We are proud to present Associate Professor Dr Pii-Tuulia Nikula to open the managing our footprints conversation. We’ve done the numbers on our Carbon Positive cropping treatments, and we’ve others talking about what they are doing to address their footprints too.

If we are going to get to Carbon Zero (or better) we need to think about both inputs and outputs from our systems. Can we soak up more than we lose? Which inputs have the greatest impact?

We will report on progress and lessons from another year of our regenerative cropping research and present some new tools for growers to assess nitrate levels and soil stability. We’ll have examples for viewing at the Horizons Regional Council Field Session. Others will update us about new technologies for pest and disease control and reintroducing insects to cyclone impacted orchards and discuss the use of bio-strips and insectaries to encourage beneficial insects.

We’ll need energy, of course, but how much can we generate on-site? Is electrification realistic now? Where to in the short to medium term? We are delighted to have Mike Casey of the Electric Cherry Orchard and CEO of Rewiring Aotearoa opening the discussion on electrification and alternative energy case studies. We’ll have electric vehicles for perusal.

Thanks to our Sponsors!

We look forward to seeing many of you again in 2025.

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LandWISE 2025 Getting to Carbon Positive

Doing what we can to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions is not about meeting regulations, it is about meeting the expectations of our markets and others in our supply chains (and ourselves and the planet!). Most large companies must report on their own emissions and those of their suppliers and clients. We are part of their emissions profiles, and they want us to do our part.

What is it all about? What emissions are we talking about? Who is implementing changes to lower their impact? How do we start?

At LandWISE 2025: Getting to Carbon Positive, you’ll get these answers and more. You’ll hear and see examples, and hear that people are reaping benefits, because it isn’t all about adding costs, it can save money. And in another session, you’ll hear how it can even provide an alternative income stream.

The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol applies the measurement of emissions across three scopes. These are Scope 1, which includes the direct emissions from sources that the organisation owns or controls, such as fuel use for farm-owned vehicles, natural gas used for heating buildings and greenhouses, fertilizer use, leaks in refrigeration and cooling processes, as well as emissions from soil management. Scope 2 includes indirect emissions from purchased energy. Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions in the organisation’s value chain, such as emissions from freight/transportation of products, business travel, waste, and emissions from purchased goods and services.

Pii-Tuulia Nikula (PhD)

Greenhouse Gas Accounting: Scopes Solutions Target Setting

Pii-Tuulia Nikula is an Associate Professor in the School of Business at the Eastern Institute of Technology (Hawke’s Bay), where she teaches courses on Sustainable Organisations and Research Methods. Her research has explored emission trajectories and climate disclosures of New Zealand businesses. Pii-Tuulia will cover key questions that apply to the application of the GHG Protocol, such as common issues and challenges with data collection and practical solutions available for emissions reduction across all three scopes. Finally, she will discuss how organisations can use their emissions baseline to start thinking about their emissions reduction targets. 

Uttam Singh Floray

Reporting for primary producers, processors and exporters

Uttam Singh Floray is a seasoned Sustainability Consultant with extensive expertise in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks, carbon accounting, and compliance solutions. As Team Lead – Account management (Government) at Toitū Envirocare, he has headed the implementation of the Carbon Neutral Government Programme and guided organisations toward achieving emissions compliance and sustainable development goals. Uttam has a lead role with Electrify Hawke’s Bay, a regional Rewiring Aotearoa group promoting adoption of low carbon alternative energy sources.

Ron McFetridge

Minimising emissions at WaterForce

One of three founders, Ron McFetridge is the Managing Director at WaterForce. Established in 2002, WaterForce has operations throughout New Zealand, with a large concentration on the South Island, and about 250 staff. Ron is working to reduce the emissions footprint of the company through careful management of energy including establishing rooftop solar and electrifying the vehicle fleet. He is speaking about the process, seeking suitable equipment and changing culture in an organisation.

Dan Bloomer (PhD)

Carbon Positive progress – relative footprints

Dan Bloomer is the LandWISE Manager and an independent consultant. He brings a diverse set of interests and extensive experience in field trials and extension to his role overseeing the LandWISE research portfolio. Together with Olivia Webster, he will present a study comparing the emissions from the three farm systems that form the Carbon Positive trial. What are the main drivers of emissions in an intensive process cropping scenraio?

Of course, knowing our emissions is only a starting point. We also want to know how we can minimise them. And that is the subject of the Electrification and Alternative energy case studies sessions!

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At LandWISE 2025 you’ll hear about regenerative cropping systems (however they be defined, or not), soil carbon and sequestration, and the use of cover crops in vegetable and arable systems. Add in the role of biology and ecology in pest and disease management, and some new systems and gadgets to monitor crop pests, soil nitrates and soil health, and the programme has much to offer!

Havelock North Function Centre
21 – 22 May 2025

We will update delegates on our Carbon Positive regenerative intensive process cropping project. Matthew Norris will describe the research completed and take-away knowledge from the Leaderbrand Regenerative Cropping project, with fascinating insights around the use of composts. And Angus Mckenzie will describe his own farming approach and that of others in Canterbury seeking to apply regenerative principles in day-to-day management. A common factor with all projects is the focus on lifting soil carbon levels, a topic that will be drilled into by Sam McNally.

Our Carbon Positive Operations Group has learnt some hard lessons with cover crops over the last three years, but we think we are now much better informed and positioned. We will present a list of questions! Also, with support from Te Ahikawariki/VICE, we’ve begun a small study of cover cropping with interviews of farmers who do and don’t use cover crops. We hope to have some preliminary findings by the conference. Charles (Merf) Merfield, one of the team interviewing will discuss cover cropping, an area he has researched and implemented for many years.

Drawing from “A Lighter Touch” research, Jeff Smith will discuss the use of bio-strips and insectaries to encourage beneficial insects to aid in pest management. Daniel Sutton will report on research using “Smart Traps” to automate collection of pest presence data. From Plant and Food Research, Asha Chhagan will talk about new technologies for pest and disease control and Bethan Shaw will discuss work reintroducing beneficial insects to orchards impacted by Cyclone Gabrielle.

Rounding out New Tools, Olivia Webster will present LandWISE work using a new soil slaking measurement app and a device to more precisely determine soil nitrate levels when using Quick Test strips.

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LandWISE Events

LandWISE AGM

2:30 pm 21st May at Havelock North Function Centre

LandWISE 2025: Getting to Carbon Positive

21-22 May at Havelock North Function Centre

Other’s Events

 2025 Summerfruit NZ Conference

25-26 June, Marlborough Events Centre

FAR Conference Show me the money

30 June-1 July Lincoln University

NZAPI EXPO 2025 – New Zealand Apples & Pears

30 July – 1 August – Nelson

2025 NZPPS Symposium – “Resistance Management – Today’s Tools for Tomorrow”

11 August, Christchurch

NZPPS Conference 2025

12-14 August, Christchurch

Potatoes NZ Conference

12-13 August 2025, Christchurch

New Zealand Horticulture Conferences 2025

26-27 August, Wellington

NZARM 2025 Changing Landscapes

11 – 13 November – Blenheim Marlborough

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1:00 – 2:00 pm Tuesday 13 May at the MicroFarm

Centre for Land and Water, 21 Ruahapia Rd

A chance to see the emerging winter cover crops and discuss last season and preview plans for summer 2025-2026

Please register (free)

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The Carbon Positive programme continues. Our McCain Foods green bean crop has been successfully harvested and yield and quality data captured. Post-harvest, Alex and Oliva completed VSA tests in all the plots, and those and other data are being collated and processed.

All treatments achieved good yields, but we found significant differences between them. We harvested 1 m2 of crop from each of four sub-plots in each of our 12 plots. That gave us lots of beans which were then removed by hand, weighed and graded. We also got factory results from the different treatments. The box plot graph below shows the average yield (the Xs) and variability in each treatment as determined from our hand harvest plots.

The biggest cause of down-grading at the factory was pod damage associated with harvesting and transport. Other than that, we had a very clean crop.

So why the differences?

The regenerative plots had the biggest plants. This was seen throughout the season with the canopy ground cover always being ahead in the regenerative plots. Towards harvest, we found the conventional plots had two weeks when their growth appeared to be checked. We know it wasn’t soil moisture or nitrogen availability, but we can’t put a finger on a cause.

Both the conventional and hybrid areas were planted in process peas at the end of August. The soil was cold and wet and we noticed compaction from cultivation and machinery passes. The conventional plots were ploughed and disced, and the hybrid plots direct-drilled before the cover crop was mulched. The regenerative plots were kept in cover crop, which was mechanically terminated before a period of fallow.

All the plots were disc-ripped about three weeks before planting, then sprayed with glyphosate to achieve a stale seedbed before bean planting on 28 December. Both the conventional and hybrid plots received nitrogen fertiliser broadcast near full canopy. The regenerative plots did not receive solid fertiliser, but did get a foliar application as part of spraying for disease and caterpillars. The spray programmes were different from the pre-emergence herbicides through the crop protection programme.

We can’t say what made the differences to the yields that were achieved, because our trial is not set up that way. We are comparing the results of overall management policy over six years rather than assessing the effect of any single input.

So, we can’t say why. Maybe there was less disease pressure by missing peas? Maybe the better soil physical state by avoiding early cultivation and planting in the wet made a difference? Maybe the cover crop biomass was feeding the soil microbes or releasing nutrients?  Maybe all of these? Maybe something else…

The VSA assessments appear to show differences developing in the different treatments. We need to keep monitoring and see a longer-term trend, but for now, the regenerative plots are starting to score a little better. The soil appears somewhat darker, suggesting it may be building soil carbon levels (we’ll be lab-testing soon so keep an eye out for that) and it has fewer large soil lumps (in our case mainly showing compaction damage). It does suggest that working the soil and driving over it when cold and wet in August had impact.

We expect to drill the winter cover crops in the first week of April. With continuing dryness, we have applied irrigation to make the soil moist enough for drilling. Our intention is to aerate after drilling to avoid compacting the soil again. Then we’ll leave everything alone until spring to allow the soil to breathe, microbes to do their thing, and roots and earthworms to explore as easily as possible.

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LandWISE has three pilot projects being run with Te Ahikawariki, the Vegetable Industry Centre of Excellence based in Pukekohe. The projects include cover cropping, soil stability testing and use of a device to read nitrate test strips more accurately.

Te Ahikawariki/VICE is a government-funded project that is setting up a cutting-edge vegetable research farm in Pukekohe. The project is a collaboration between mana whenua and vegetable growers that aims to create a central location for research to support the entire vegetable industry and protect the land.

Cover crop options for vegetable growers – preliminary scoping study

Over the last few years, we have been posting reports of trials and tribulations with our cover cropping activities at the MicroFarm. Growing a cover crop is easy. Growing a cover crop that ticks boxes for maximum species diversity, non-herbicide termination, and allows the land to be ready for a crop on a certain date specified by processing companies is quite another thing. Our discussions with growers in Tairawhiti and Canterbury confirm we are not alone!

The Te Ahikawariki project involves us and regional contacts interviewing leading growers and industry people with experience in or desire to introduce cover cropping in vegetable production systems. By including five regions, Hastings, Pukekohe, Levin, Gisborne, and Canterbury, we are seeking to compile findings to give a national overview that identifies regional and sector specifics.

A summary from interviews, a resource inventory and literature review will identify where suitable information is available and where key gaps lie. This will provide a base on which to develop a longer-term research strategy and work programme for VICE. 

Farmer Friendly Nitrate Testing

Since 2018, we have been using and promoting the Nitrate Quick Test from the University of California Davis (Hartz, 2010). The method was tested for NZ conditions under a previous SFF project through FAR and Plant & Food Research. The Nitrate Quick Test has much potential to help growers identify required nitrogen base and side-dressing rates and to justify applications.

Our Te Ahikawariki project is comparing results from Nitrate Quick Test strips using the current visual concentration assessment and estimate of soil moisture bands with the Nitrachek concentration and moisture determined by microwave drying soil and with commercial laboratory mineral nitrogen tests. A key part of the project is engaging with growers to demonstrate and support valid paddock sampling and correct use of the test methods, thus ensuring the knowledge is held within each regional community.

In parts of Europe, farmers must have approved soil nitrate testing completed before nitrogen fertiliser applications may be made. One accepted European methodology uses the Nitrachek device to read the test strips, removing the human eye variable and providing much more accurate readings. It also includes drying test-soil so there is no need to estimate soil moisture.

SLAKES: a cost-effective measure of soil structural stability

Soils with stable aggregates are usually found to be more productive than soils with poor aggregate stability. They typically have more organic matter present in the soil, which acts as a glue holding aggregates together, retain more moisture and have higher infiltration rates, and plant roots can penetrate deeper into the soil which means crops will be more drought tolerant and have better productivity. During rain events, soils containing unstable aggregates will disperse filling pore spaces and making the soil susceptible to erosion and compaction. Eroded soil will remove nutrients with it reducing soil fertility, compaction can cause aeration reduction, water logging and root disease which will affect crop health.

Many different methods have been used to measure aggregate stability, including Cornell University’s wet aggregate stability, Yoder’s wet sieving and Landcare Research – Manaaki Whenua’s (LRMW) wet sieving. However, these methods are time consuming and costly. The Soil Health Institute recommends testing aggregate stability with a smartphone app called SLAKES which was developed by the University of Sydney (Soil Health Institute, 2024).

Our SLAKES project is comparing results from SLAKES with the LRMW wet-sieve aggregate stability test and looking for correlations with VSA scores, bulk density, and total soil carbon levels. In March and April, we are trialling SLAKES with selected growers in Pukekohe, Gisborne, Hastings, Palmerston North and Levin. This will give us a range of soil and crop types to see how the methods compare in our young New Zealand soils.

We will report on our progress at LandWISE 2025! See you there.

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Since Cyclone Gabrielle hit in February 2023, LandWISE has been capturing data from impacted sites. Our aim has been to increase knowledge of flood and sediment deposition on highly productive land (HPL), particularly the Land Use Capability (LUC) Class 1 – 3 land that dominates the Heretaunga Plains.

The initial project captured data from 110 impacted sites across Hawke’s Bay, Wairoa, Gisborne/Tairawhiti and Northland. The project was extended, and we monitored a small subset of these initial sites in Hawke’s Bay, assessing short-medium term impacts. In 2024 and again in 2025 we have collected soil and crop data (where relevant), and captured management information from growers. We have focused on sites used for vegetable production.

We have been monitoring 14 sites, and now have data from 2023, 2024 and 2025 (still collecting 2025 data). Final reporting is due in June 2025. This data set is also being used by Alex Dickson for her masters thesis focused on soil recovery after Cyclone Gabrielle.

The impact to many growers was devasting. For those significantly impact it was initially anticipated that recovery would take 5+ year to get back to pre-cyclone production. Recovery has been faster than expected for many of the growers we have been working with, some have reported that they feel they are ‘back to normal’ after just 2 years.

There has been a range of other recovery projects completed by other organisation. We are working with these groups on how we can share the combined lessons in recovery. We has been working with Sally Anderson (Market Access Solutionz), Dirk Wallace (FAR), Stephen Trolove and Eduardo Dias de Oliveira (PFR), Alec Mackay (AgResearch), & others, on how to ensure the research completed and knowledge gained after Cyclone Gabrielle is made available, very quickly, next time a community is impacted by a flood of this magnitude.

You’ll find our 2023 baseline sampling report on the LandWISE website. You can hear more from Alex at her recent presentation at the 2024 NZARM conference.

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After a fun couple of years, I am leaving LandWISE.

My partner Mitchell and I are taking a big leap and moving to the Netherlands to start the next chapter of our lives and careers. I spent a year studying in the Netherlands in 2016 and I am very excited to be heading back!

I have enjoyed my time working for LandWISE, particularly on the Carbon Positive and post-Cyclone Gabrielle projects. I am so grateful to the community of clever people who engage with these projects and have helped them succeed. I have had lots of opportunities to share our work at conferences and connect with so many interesting people over the last two years. I have loved learning more about vegetable production, and hope to continue learning and contributing more in the coming years.

Our house is rented, and our flights are booked. My last day with LandWISE will be the 11th of August. If you are driving past the MicroFarm in the next couple of weeks, please call in for a coffee!

I look forward to seeing you sometime in the future.

Bye for now!

Alex

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McCain Foods Green Beans

Planting

Dwarf green beans for McCain Foods were planted in all treatments on the 28th of December. All treatments were planted in beans, Conventional and Hybrid treatments ex. peas, and the Regen treatment ex. cover crop/fallow. All treatments were disc ripped and rolled one month before planting and regrowth sprayed out four days before planting.

We applied different rates of starter fertiliser to each treatment. In the Hybrid and Regen treatments we added a biological seed treatment. All treatments had the same bean variety planted at the same rate. We are grateful to our good friends at Nicolle Contracting for their patience when planting the trial.

As always, we are measuring lots of thing over the growing season. For the beans, we have been particularly interested in canopy cover, soil nitrogen availability, pest and disease pressure, yield and of course, gross margins.

Canopy Cover

We measure canopy cover percentage weekly using the Canopeo app. There was little difference in the treatments until early Feb when the Regen treatment took off, and canopy size increased at a faster rate. This treatment is visibly taller and ground cover is greater than the other two treatments.

The Hybrid treatment has lagged, probably due to some early slug damage. When the pea vine was disced, some residue remained on the surface, a perfect spot for slugs to hang out. We applied slug bait to all treatments to reduce further damage.

Disease Presence

The main disease issue we are worried about in beans is sclerotinia. We have so far applied one protectant fungicide to each treatment to protect against sclerotinia, as well as botrytis (different products depending on treatment).

Earlier in February we noted that there was young leaves wilting, most prominently in the Conventional and Hybrid treatments, however was apparent to a lesser degree in the Regen. A thorough inspection by Ben Prebble (McCain Foods) and Shelley Bath (Horticentre) concluded that we were starting to see signs of fusarium. Diagnosis was through the presence of brown/purple, woody lower stems. Phosphorus acid application is planned to treat the fusarium as soon as we have an appropriate spray window.

Pest Presence

A common pest insect in beans is looper caterpillar. Standard McCain Foods practice is to apply an insecticide to knock out caterpillars, when a fungicide is being applied. There are two active ingredients that can be used, neither of which are friendly to beneficial insects/natural enemies. Early in the month we saw some suspected signs of caterpillar chewing, however there are no threshold values to use to trigger spray applications. The Conventional treatment had an insecticide applied (Karate Zeon), however we held off in the other two treatments, as there were no clear signs of damage.

A leaf damage survey was completed following this, which understandably found more damage in the Regen & Hybrid than in Conventional, however still not visually a huge amount of damage. A few caterpillars have been found. We have been recommended a biological alternative, BioBit (Bacillus thuringiensis), which will kill caterpillars but not any eggs. We will likely need more than 1 application, to control the next hatched caterpillars. BioBit will be applied in the next spray window.

Nitrogen Management

We have been closely following nitrate nitrogen levels in the soil. The chart below shows nitrate-N in the top 30 cm from when the Conventional and Hybrid cover crops were sprayed out, through to mid Feb.

Nitrate-N in the Regen treatment has been increasing steadily since the cover crop was mulched in early October. The levels in the Hybrid treatment have been higher than the Conventional since harvest. This is likely due to most of the residue being baled and removed in the Conventional, vs retained and incorporated in the Hybrid.

A typical bean program includes a side dressing of fertiliser which includes nitrogen. A leaf test in early Feb found that nutrient levels were good in all treatments. In discussion with Mark Redshaw (Yara), we decided that because the canopy in the Conventional and Hybrid was less developed than the Regen, these treatments would receive a late application of nitrogen despite tests saying levels were satisfactory. The intent was to give these treatments a boost ahead of harvest.

The Conventional treatment had 200kg/ha of Nitrabor applied, the Hybrid a half rate of 100kg/ha. The Regen is to receive a foliar nutrient application of Croplift to maintain canopy health and this will also be applied to the Hybrid.

Application was completed via Airborne Solutions drone, to apply accurately over plots.

Next Steps

We are approx. 2 – 3 weeks away from harvest, with a target harvest date of 6th of March. Hand harvests will be completed to determine yield, followed by machine harvest.

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